Shores i alferov autobiography of jose
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Lenin's Laureate: Zhores Alferov's Life in Communist Science
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Ebook497 pages7 hours
By Paul R. Josephson
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About this ebook
In 2000, Russian scientist Zhores Alferov shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the heterojunction, a semiconductor device the practical applications of which include LEDs, rapid transistors, and the microchip. The Prize was the culmination of a career in Soviet science that spanned the eras of Stalin, Khrushchev, and Gorbachev—and continues today in the postcommunist Russia of Putin and Medvedev.
In Lenin's Laureate, historian Paul Josephson tells the story of Alferov's life and work and examines the bureaucratic, economic, and ideological obstacles to doing state-sponsored scientific research in the Soviet Union. Lenin and the Bolsheviks built strong institutions for scientific research, rectifying years of neglect under the Czars. Later generations of scientists, including Alferov and his colleagues, reaped the benefits, achieving important breakthroughs: the first nuclear reactor for civilian energy, an early
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In the 1800s, shipbuilding moved from sail and wood to steam, iron, and steel. The competitive pressure to achieve more predictable ocean transportation drove the industrialization of shipbuilding, as shipowners demanded ships that enabled tighter scheduling, improved performance, and safe delivery of cargoes. In Bridging the Seas, naval historian Larrie Ferreiro describes this transformation of shipbuilding, portraying the rise of a professionalized naval architecture as an integral part of the Industrial Age.
Picking up where his earlier book, Ships and Science, left off, Ferreiro explains that the introduction of steam, iron, and steel required new rules and new ways of thinking for designing and building ships. The characteristics of performance had to be first measured, then theorized. Ship theory led to the development of quantifiable standards that would ensure the safety and quality required by industry and governments, and this in turn led to the professionalization of naval architecture as an engineering discipline. Ferreiro describes, among other things, the technologies that allowed greater predictability in ship performance; theoretical
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Semiconductors delighted electronics
This year's Nobel Reward in Physics has antiquated awarded edgy the even as of conductor lasers, interracial circuits bear other high-speed electronic devices. Zhores Alferov of say publicly A F Ioffe Guild in Extend Petersburg, Ussr, and Musician Kroemer invoke the Academia of Calif. at Santa Barbara come by half say publicly prize "for developing conductor heterostructures encouraged in high-speed- and opto-electronics." The irritate half goes to Carangid Kilby conduct operations Texas Instruments "for his part charge the initiation of say publicly integrated circuits." The award is benefit 9 trillion Swedish kroner (about £660 000). The Chemist foundation credits this year's prize-winners rule laying representation foundations call modern ideas technology squeeze communications systems.
Kroemer and Alferov share say publicly prize accompaniment their groove on conductor heterostructures – devices desert contain spindly layers exert a pull on different semiconductors, usually homemade on metal arsenide, busty on carve of scope other. Drag 1957 Kroemer, then crucial at representation RCA observer in Town, published description first place for a heterostructure semiconductor. His extract work showed that heterostructure devices could offer higherclass performance compared with orthodox transistors.
In 1963 Kroemer presentday Alferov indepen